INTRODUCTION
The ninth film in my
comprehensive analysis of the films of Hayao Miyazaki is the anti-war magical
fantasy Howls Moving Castle. Based on the book by Diana Wayne Jones, Miyazaki
tells an engrossing tale of mystical vigilantism, lost innocence, and the road
from nihilism to believing in love. Along the way, he takes on ageist
stereotypes, and critically evaluates the then concurrent 2003 Iraq War
instigated by the US, thereby condemning the latter for perpetuating
unnecessary violence. Howl’s Moving Castle then becomes an indictment of
the George W. Bush administration and US foreign policy; wrapped in a story
about wizards and magical fire demons.
PLOT
During a parade
celebrating a military victory for her city, Milliner Sophie Hatter encounters
two soldiers who harass her. Saved by the mysterious Wizard Howl, an
interaction which makes Sophie a target by a rival magic user, the Witch of the
Waste, who curses Sophie with old age. Abandoning
her life to find a cure, Sophie finds the titular Moving Castle and befriends
its denizens. By siding with her new
“family”, Sophie is thrust into the middle of an unprovoked war. As she attempts
to help Howl navigate its complexities, and those of his past, Sophie stops
Howl from succumbing to the darkness that violence can bring.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
The original
text of the same name was published in 1986 by British author Diane Wayne Jones,
the first in a trilogy set around the character of Howl. The Miyazaki film diverges
considerably from its source material, changing focal antagonists, thematic
elements, and even character motivations.
This comes out of Miyazaki’s perspective and mindset during production.
Production
Coming off the fantastic
success of 2001’s Spirited
Away, Miyazaki could have done anything, and the entire
world would stand up and take notice. Miyazaki was initially drawn to the
project by trying to figure out a lot of the questions that the book did not
answer. Yet, he did not have a specific take on the overall material in the
beginning. The film was passed to Tohei Animator Mamoru Hosoda (who would later
go on to direct such acclaimed films as The Girl Who Leaped Through Time, and
2018’s Mirai). However, many of his concept art sketches were rejected
by the studio, and the film was eventually stalled. During that time, the
United States began its bombing campaign and eventual invasion of Iraq.
Miyazaki, a known pacifist, wanted to make a film that had such a strong
anti-war message, that it would not be well received in the United States.
This desire to craft an
anti-war message, led Miyazaki to take over directing duties for Howl in
2002; making drastic changes from the book. The war aspects of the source material were heightened,
and the caddish sexism of Howl was muted. Instead of “Howl’s Place” (the black triangle
on the dial above the door), being a door into his psyche, it was also a place
where Howl is embattled by warships and other corrupted sorcerers. Miyazaki
also began to eliminate side characters, (Sophie had a second sister) and changed
characterizations (The Witch of the Waste was the novel’s primary antagonist).
While some differences are only hinted at in the film (like Sophie being a
powerful witch herself), others were completely fabricated (Turnup head being
the lost Prince that can stop the war.). Thus, the book and the film are
completely different animals. Yet, both Miyazaki and Jones respected each other
as creators, vying for each other’s approval.
Jones said in an interview at the time: “I do not write films, I write
books. I am sure the film is going to be fantastic.” Miyazaki even went so far
as to personally take a copy of the finished film to screen for Jones, to get
her approval before release.
Howl’s Moving Castle was released in Japan in October 2004. Over the course of its domestic release, it broke all box office records that were previously held by Spirited Away, grossing 190 million Yen in Japan, and 236 million dollars worldwide. It won the Tokyo Anime award for best picture and the Nebula Award for best screenplay. It was also nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 78th Annual Academy Awards.[1] Regardless of the commercial success and award accolades, many critics, and fans alike do not recognize the majesty and power of this film.
Of Gods and Monsters III
Much like Spirited
Away, the mythology of Howl’s Moving Castle is a general
amalgamation of supernatural beings and bestiary. There seems to be an
interesting common thread between the beings in Miyazaki’s previous work, and
the ones that show up in Howl’s. The representation of the corrupted sorcerers
in this film, with their polymorphic form and monstrous temperament, are reminiscent
of a number of Miyazaki creatures; (particularly Spirited Away’s “No
Face”) which usually represent the overall theme. In Howl, the fates of
the sorcerers are emphasizing the cost of magic, the more it is used the more monstrous
the sorcerers become. This is continuously reinforced by the transformations
that Howl goes through whenever he uses his magical abilities.
The rules of Howl’s magic are not
clearly fleshed out in the film. We understand thematically that magic has a
cost, as I mention above, and we get the sense that magic has to be learned or
“honed”. But beyond that, the source and range of magical abilities are not
defined. Did the demon Calcifer give Howl his abilities, or was Howl already a
magic user and a student of Sariman[2], before he consumed the
meteorite? Why do all of the underlings look like younger versions of Howl? Did
Sariman attempt to clone Howl after his defection, in hopes to replicate his
powers? Did the polymorphic monstrous sorcerers look like young versions of
Howl before they became corrupted? The
rules and structure of magic may very well be meticulously explained in Jones’
series of novels, but it seems a little vague in the narrative of the
film. More likely, the magic of the
novel is amalgamated to fit into the Miyazaki Universe.
While
there is no official organization linking together all of Miyazaki’s (and the
broader Ghibli cannon) into a shared universe, there
have been attempts to make sense out of all of these
narrative threads and similarities. Looking at several Miyazaki books
and compendiums, there is a strong case to be made that
all of Miyazaki stories exist not only as a master filmmaker’s collected work, but a cautionary tale of the
fall of human civilization.
The first film in this
Universal Miyazaki Timeline is Princess
Mononoke followed by Howl’s Moving Castle; as both magic, and
the propensity for war are both established in these films, but all out war is
thwarted by the end of each of them.
Progressing a few years, we have Kiki’s
Delivery Service where there is still magic and witches, but it is
slowly being forgotten; with witches regulated to one town each and, while not
surprised by the existence of witches, the world has moved on from the study
and understanding of witchcraft. After
this, we get into the World War I era and Porco
Rosso. Here, magical curses are accepted, but there is a removal of
other magics in the world. This continues with Miyazaki’s most grounded work,
the pre- World War II tale of the creator of the Japanese Zero plane in The
Wind Rises; followed by Totoro,
reminding us that spirits still exist. The next three films of Miyazaki’s oeuvre,
are set in (close to) modern times: Castle
of Cagliostro,
Spirited Away and Ponyo. The catastrophe at the end of Ponyo
is a harbinger of destruction as the human world attempts and fails to
retaliate against spirits[3]. This leads to the
collapse of industrialization and the “seven days of fire that is mentioned in
the opening narration of Nausicaä.
The Final film in the series is Castle
in the Sky, where after society starts to rebuild itself (into an interesting
steampunk version of its former glory). There, a couple of kids try to stop an
organization that is trying to find and use a superweapon, a relic of the days
of the war, on the lost Isle of Lapita.
SOCIAL ANALYSIS
In the social analysis of Howl’s Moving
Castle, some of the same thematic “hits” reverberate through the story,
that we have seen in his previous work. Therefore, I will be drawing upon C.
Wright Mills for the anti-war dynamic, and Jill Quadagno for her commentary on aging. Along
the way, I will be citing studies discussing The Unitary Executive Theory and the
dangers of aging in the United States Healthcare system.
Theme 1: Anti- War
Brief
Summation of The Iraq War and its Problems
The beginnings of
the 2003 Iraq War[4]
started well before the Bush Administration came to power. In 1997, the Think
Tank: “Project for the New American Century” (PNAC) established a Statement of
Principles.
They have since claimed to be “proponents of the Bush Doctrine, before the Bush
Doctrine.” This statement was signed by many people who would go on to be
integral parts of the Bush Administration’s foreign policy; including: Dick
Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, and Paul Wolfowitz (Jarecki 2006). Think Tanks are private companies and organizations
that represent one of the economic prongs of The Military Industrial Complex;
an institutional collusive process, expounded upon by C. Wright Mills.
The term “The Military
Industrial Complex” was
first coined by Dwight D. Eisenhower in his farewell presidential address, to
warn against the collusion and potential corruption between the social
institutions of The Economy represented
by Corporations, The Government represented by Politicians
and The Military represented by High-Ranking Officers and Officials.
According to Mills
(1958):
“We must judge [Men
of Power] in terms of their policies and
in terms of the consequences of their conduct of office. For they are men who
command the dominant institutions of a dominant nation; they are in a position
to make decisions with terrible or wonderful consequences for the underlying
populations of the world; and now they are in the drift and thrust of WWIII
The World War III that Mills (1958) believed that we were drifting to, turned out to be the ideological “War on Terror” which spanned both its original purpose, manufacturer, and enemy. Because the parameters and regulations were so vague, and therefore up to broad interpretation, on what constituted a terrorist act, and who we defined as terrorist, that virtually any action against another group or individual could be justified.
Basics of the “Bush Doctrine”[5]
- "Make no distinction between
terrorists and the nations that harbor them — and hold both to
account." (Democratic Regime Change)
- "Take the fight to the enemy overseas
before they can attack us again here at home." (Preemptive Strikes)
- "Confront threats before they fully
materialize." (Preemptive Strikes)
- "Advance liberty and hope as an
alternative to the enemy's ideology of repression and fear."
Expectedly,
these basics are in line with the PNAC Principles of
·
Increasing
defense spending and modernizing American Armed Forces
·
Challenging
regimes hostile to our interests and values
·
Promoting
political and economic freedom abroad.
·
America having a
unique role in preserving and extending an international order friendly to our
security, our prosperity, and our principles.
According to Mills (1958):
In the absence
of such a program [ of peace], elites of political, military and economic power
are at the focal points of the economic political and military causes of war.
By their decisions and indecisions, by their defaults and their ignorance, they
control the thrust of these causes. They are allowed to occupy such positions
and to use them in accordance with crackpot realism because of the
powerlessness, the apathy, the insensibility of publics and masse; they are
able to do so, in part, because of the interactionary posture of intellectuals,
scientists and other cultural workman (p. 89)
Under the unitary executive theory (UET),
Protective provisions are in place to maintain its established order. Through
other executive entities, such as The Office of Special Plans and The Office of
Legal Council, which work to shield the executive branch from prosecution, this
foundation of unilateral executive authority was a key factor in the Invasion,
and subsequent war of Iraq, lasting over a decade (Waterman 2009).
The
Lead up to, and excuse for War
The theme of George W.
Bush’s 2002 State of the Union Address focused on what his speech deemed “The Axis
of Evil”; a list of Countries said with such rapid succession, you’d think that
they were more like stops on a campaign trail; rather than the presumptive
targets of a US Military regime, now fortified by an administration exercising
sweeping powers few executives have used up until that point. Laying out not
only what would become known as the “Bush Doctrine”, George W, and his cabinet,
actively set the stage for justifying those actions by coining the term
“Weapons of Mass Destruction” (WMDs); identifying to congress, and to the
public, that WMDs in the hands of those countries, our eminent demise was
inevitable. This was sowing the seeds of
the public acceptance of the war.[7] It
would not be long before President Bush would start to implement his plan. To
“Eliminate Terror wherever it resides.”
Sociological Aside:
Terrorism is polymorphic.[8]
It has been described as an ideology, a disembodied entity, a constant
force; but the closest description for terrorism that we can come to, is that Terrorism is a tactic. A tactic used to
achieve a particular goal, whether that be political and or religious
sovereignty, capitalism, segregation, isolation, or disruption[9]. It is a Conflict
tool that has a long history of being used.
Definition:
Terrorism
is the calculated use, or threat of violence to create fear for the purposes of
the coercion and or intimidation of governments, social institution, and the
populace.
Notes
·
Terrorism is not a grand solution; it is
usually a part of a campaign and organized strategy. Therefore, it is not
random.
·
Terrorism is often seen as the only option
when fighting a superior force. Whether that be in terms of numbers, resources,
weaponry and/or training. US colonial
militia, Al Qaeda, ISIS, Zapatistas.
·
Can be often used against “soft” non-military
targets to cause the most disruption and fear, not the most devastation.
·
Terrorism is not combat. It’s use inhibits
or prohibits self-defense.
·
Terrorism is often defined by intension
(fear) rather than a specific action. So again, Terrorism can take on various
behaviors both physically and psychologically.
·
Terrorism is often used by Powerful
countries and governments to suppress and control its own people.
The United States did not declare war on a particular
Terrorist organization, group or specific enemy; we declared war on the ideology of Terrorism. This means that
there is No end in sight…we are in a perpetual war for eternity. The department
of Homeland security will never be shut down, the president will never give up
their centralized powers, they might even increase…Civil liberties will be
continually violated because there will
always be a new threat, a new target. And we will never look at ourselves as a
source of the very thing we claim to hate.
Comics Culture
Post 9/11
The US foundational support for war saturated our culture
in the early 2000’s. We saw terrorism related espionage films and television
shows proliferate out of Hollywood. The clearest
example of this pop culture propaganda is the rise of the TV show 24 and
the deification of main character Jack Bauer; who was most famously used as
anecdotal evidence in an argument by then Supreme Court Justice Anton Scalia,
to support the use of torture on terror suspects (DiPaolo 2011). This new pro
war culture reshaped the mainstream comic industry to fit with the Bush
Administration’s agenda. Comic book characters began to reflect the cynicism
and ruthlessness that was often excused when debating the use of torture. On
both sides of the bifurcated comics industry (DC and Marvel), characters began
to act in uncharacteristic ways.
During
the Infinite Crisis event, Sorcerer Zatanna mystically lobotomizes Dr.
Light after he rapes and murders a family member of one of the Justice League.
Unhappy with this, Batman threatens to expose her actions. Cloaked in the
acceptance of other senior league members, she erases Batman’s memory. The
result of which is a colder, more jaded Batman in line with the darker stories
of the 1980’s (and its Reganite
politics). Similarly, Marvel went
through a “Civil War” over the registration of Superheroes, (Analogous to The Patriot Act ) that
ended with the death of Captain America. According to DiPaolo (2011), while
there were several individual stories that were critical of the Bush
Administration, there was a lack of consistency against many of the policies
(torture, surveillance, anti-environmentalism, the invasion of Iraq) which was
viewed as tacit support, if not endorsement.
Bombing,
Invasion and the Stupidity of Bremer
On March 19th 2003, President George W. Bush,
after giving Saddam Hussein and his son’s 48 hrs.[10]
to leave Iraq (due to his noncompliance with UN inspectors), authorized a
“shock and Awe” Bombing Campaign with ground forces moving in the next day. 6
weeks later, Bush gave the now famed “Mission Accomplished“ Speech implying
that the invasion was successful and there were no more military operations.
This was a misdirection from the reality which was a shift from Invasion to occupation,
which lasted considerably longer, about 9 years. There were considerable
miscalculations by the Bush administration which made the situation in Iraq
worse. Two of the key mistakes were:
1.
The toppling of
the Hussein regime destabilized the region and caused a lot of groups and
militant factions to vie for power in the vacuum left by Saddam. The term for
this is blowback and is one of the reasons The US involvement lasted so long.
2.
The appointment
of Paul Bremer to the position of “Provisional Coalition Administrator” in Iraq,
who in his time there made three
very key mistakes
·
He
disbanded the Iraqi Army- which
left a lot of armed people out of work without any kind of remuneration. This
led to increasing numbers of insurgents
·
He
criminalized the Baath Party-
Under the Hussein regime, any government worker was required to be registered
as a member of the Baath Party. So, in addition to the Army, Now the majority
of government workers including teachers and doctors were also out of work.
This added not only to insurgent numbers but a network of support for
insurgency.
·
Because many of
the US forces were spread thin and without needed resources (like armored
vehicles, body armor or even maps)
Bremer granted Foreign Contractors (PMC) not only exclusive “No
bid, cost Plus” Contracts, but
immunity from Iraqi Laws. This resulted
in several violent altercations including the Nisour Square Incident, and the Fallujah ambush,
both involving Blackwater (Scahill, 2007).
Howl’s
Critique of the Iraq War
In March 2003, just three
days after the US bombing Campaign and invasion of Iraq, Miyazaki won the Oscar
for Best Animated feature for Spirited Away.
Feeling conflicted about receiving an award by an American
organization, whose government had, in his mind, instigated an immoral,
unethical, and illegal military action against another country, Miyazaki
decided not to attend the ceremony, nor accept the award for over a
decade. Feeling compelled to clarify his
pacifistic position and wanting to create a film he thought would be hated by
most Americans, he decided to take on the directing duties of Howl’s Moving Castle
while overemphasizing the Anti-war sub plot, to make clear his overall
peaceful message.
On the surface, Howl’s
Moving Castle can be interpreted as a violent film since there is certainly
violence in it. However, what separates Miyazaki’s film apart from other
animated films is its use, and consequences to violence. In many animated films
and larger series, violence is often depicted as the resolution to ideological
conflict. Good battles evil in a no holds barred battle royale. Yet, In
Miyazaki films, particularly in Howl’s, the use of violence is always
met with a loss of humanity. The more Howl
uses magic to commit and perform acts of violence in war, the more beastly he
becomes (something that looks like a huge dragon raven); each time finding it
more and more difficult to revert to his human form. This being a not-so-subtle
commentary on the inhumanity of War itself.
Additionally, Howl has survived the war this
long, and not become amorphous puppets like so many other Sorcerers, because Howl
avoids fighting whenever possible, using his wits and disguises to avoid
conflict. It is only when he decides to
protect that which he has come to love, that he jumps directly into the fray. This
turns out to be a mistake, and he has to be saved by Sophie. Thus, at every
turn Miyazaki makes the opposite point of the collective comics’ cultural shift
after 9/11; simply that violence is not a solution, but a source of the
problem.
Theme 2: The Value of Aging
The other major theme in Howl’s
Moving Castle is the valuing of wisdom through age, and the often unseen or
overlooked benefits to being older in society.
In the film, once Sophie gets over the initial shock of being magically
aged, she begins to ruminate on the value of being older as she goes off in
search of Howl. Repeatedly, Sophie’s new age does not reduce her worth, value,
or overall abilities. She continues to be an asset to both Howl and Calcifer,
helping them to reshape and organize their lives. Miyazaki makes sure to acknowledge
that things may be a little bit harder for her, but he puts more emphasis on
the proportional sense of accomplishment compared to its level of difficulty.
For Miyazaki, and therefore Sophie, the more difficult the task the greater the
sense of accomplishment.
Cultural Differences:
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Miyazaki’s embrace of
elder age and its benefits are culturally specific. The broadest understandings
of these differences can be found in whether a society either values
individualism, or collectivism more. Individualism values the traits of human
independence and freedom whereas Collectivism focuses on group cohesion. Thus, individualism
tends to value youth and those in a younger generation (almost to the point of
fetishization) as they both have the physical capabilities, and potential, to maximize
independence. Whereas, the elderly are often more valorized under a
collectivist understanding of the world. While there may be subcultures and
other varied groups that may emphasize the opposite perspective, many cultures
and countries either have a dominant focus of individualism or collectivism.
Japan is a country that focuses more on a collectivist perspective. Thus, their
valuing of the elderly, and finding the wisdom in age, is far easier than in
the United States.
Ageism
of Institutionalization
The unfortunate
consequence of the individualistic perspective on life, is that it increases
the likelihood of ageism. Agism is the systematic stereotyping and
discrimination against people because of their physiological age (Quadagno,
2002). This is often masked through individualism, citing performance standards
as being egalitarian and by which all persons can be judged. Yet, a more
systemic view of ageism in institutions (especially those that are built on an
individualist mindset) views the performance standards, and job descriptions,
as being based on assumptions of a younger person’s body functioning; and
therefore, are ageist[11].
Additionally, according
to Chrisler Barney and Palatino (2016):
·
The more discrimination the elderly
perceives the lower their ratings of their physical health and psychological
well being
·
Medical and gerontological textbooks
contain ageist stereotypes
·
Doctors dismiss complaints and symptoms from
older patients as “Just old age.”
·
Belief that the elderly won’t maintain an
exercise and diet regime
·
We are culturally prepped to accept these
stereotypes, through stereotype threat (professional healthcare commenting on
frailty) macroaggressions (ageist remark or joke)
o
Typical ageist stereotypes include being
irritable, boring, lonely isolated asexual, easily confused depressed or
depressing and frustrating. Older patients are often referred to as “goners” by
some doctors
Thirdly, Medical reimbursement for physicians is
less than what they get from private insurance for the same services and since
they are trained to cure, they are less focused on elder care because they are
less likely to make a full recovery
·
Doctor’s use baby talk: simple sentences
and childish vocabulary, slower and using a loud voice when talking to the
elderly.
·
Doctors aren’t as worried about malpractice
suits and/or botching a surgery because they may not tell a difference
·
Doctor’s do not expect the elderly to have
problems with alcohol or drug abuse or sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, they are often not screened.
·
Ezekiel Emanuel a doctor who in 2014
stated that 75 is a “perfect age to die”
·
Daniel Callahan a bioethicist believes
that everyone over the age of 80 should refuse any type of medical service
This systemic ageism has
been reinforced through the cultural norm of, as aging progresses, more control
and less autonomy is given to the individual. In an individualistic culture,
this is inherently, outside of direct individual forms of discrimination, and
overall devaluing of their personhood.
The unfortunate result of which is the warehousing of elderly in
institutions, such as hospitals and nursing homes.
As of 2016 census data, there are 15,600
Nursing homes in the United States (with 69% operating for profit) housing
around 1.7 million people. This touches on the overall problem of the Medical Industrial
complex.
The term “Medical Industrial Complex” was coined by Arnold Relman.
According to Relman:[12]
It is “a large and growing network
of private corporations engaged in the business of supplying healthcare
services to patients for profit; services heretofore provided by nonprofit
institutions or individual practitioners
This is the commercialization of healthcare that encompasses Congress, private health insurance, Big
Pharma, medical device companies, hospitals and doctors. It is based upon
the philosophy of the profit motive and
the private market approach. This leads to Health care being viewed as an
economic good, or a privilege, that would be most accessible by those with the
greatest resources.
The Medical
Industrial Complex’s capitalization on the healthcare industry and the
subsequent warehousing of our elderly, has been a death sentence during the
COVID-19 pandemic. According to the CDC, Persons 65+
are twice as likely to get infected with the Novel Coronavirus, thirty-five to
eighty times to be hospitalized, and eleven hundred to seventy-nine hundred
times more likely to die; compared to their younger cohorts. When you add the
confined space and close proximity prominent in most nursing home and retirement
communities; the risk is even higher. In
the United States 40% of the 513,000 deaths due to COVID are coming from Nursing
homes and retirement communities.
One can assume, given our individualistic mindset, leading to the overall
devaluing and commodification of elderly persons into a part of the medical
industrial complex; is a main cause of the elderly lives lost during this
health crisis. COVID has reflected our
ageist apathy toward our elderly in the US. Now we have to make sure we reckon
with it, in order to be able to change it.
CONCLUSION
Miyazaki’s Howl’s Moving Castle is often considered
to be one of Miyazaki’s lesser films. However, I believe it deserves another
look and a deeper analysis from multiple disciplines, not just Sociology. It is
a celebration of animation, age, and anti-aggression. The film is remarkable,
in that it is so subtle in its criticism, that even those whom it was targeting
did not take it as a slight (bringing in 4.7 million dollars at the US box
office). With more filmmakers like Miyazaki carefully crafting their stories to
clarify and emphasize human rights and humanitarian ideals, the more we can
validate film as a researchable cultural product worth exploration, rather than
the mindless escapism that often graces the multiplexes of the modern
millennium.
REFERENCES
Balon,
Richard, Eugine Beregin and Anthony Guerrero 2017. “Medical Education
Industrial Complex” Acad Psychiatry 42 (4) 495-497
Chrisler,
Joan, Angela Barney and Brigida Palatino 2016. “Agism Can be Hazzardous to
Women’s Health: Ageism, Sexism, and Stereotypes of Older Women in the HealthCare
System.” Journal of Social Issues 72 (1) 86-104
DiPaolo,
Marc 2011. War, Politics, and Superheroes: Ethics and Propaganda in Comics
and Film. North Carolina: McFarland and Company.
Jarecki,
Eugene 2005. Why We Fight. California: Sony Pictures Classics.
Mills,
C. Wright 1958. The Causes of World War Three New York: Simon and
Schuster
Pierce
Jr. Richard J., 2010. “Saving the Unitary Executive Theory From Those Who Would
Destroy It: A Review of “The Unitary Executive” by Steven G. Calabresi and
Christopher Yoo.” Journal of Constitutional Laaw 12(2) 593-613.
Quadagno, Jill 2002.
Aging and the Life Course: An Introduction to Social Gerontology 2nd
(ed.). New York: McGraw Hill
Scahill,
Jeremy 2007. Blackwater: The Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Mercenary
Army New York: MFJ Books
Trevino,
A. Javier 2012. The Social Thought of C. Wright Mills California: Sage
Publishing
Waterman,
Richard W. 2009. “The Administrative Presidency: Unilateral Power and the
Unitary Executive Theory” Presidential Studies Quarterly 39 (1) p 5-9.
[1]
Losing to a Fucking Wallace and Gromit film.
[2] Is
this also a nod to Saruman in The Lord of the Rings?
[3]
There is even a fan theory that the Tsunami that Ponyo creates is the opening
volley of the War by wiping out Sausuke’s entire town.
[4]
Beyond the obvious clean up – retaliation for the First Gulf War fought by
George HW Bush in the early 1990’s
[5]
The Bush Administrations perspective on Foreign Policy
[6]
Then tried to legitimize it with The line-item Veto Act of 2006
[7]
This was not hard, given that President Bush’s approval numbers were extremely
high after the 911 attacks and a majority of American’s when polled supported
going to war during the time of the speech.
[8]
This is the idea that it can take on many forms. It is not stagnant. It changes and can be used in various
situations
[9]
Usually of a more powerful force ala the Revolutionary War, or any other type
of Rebel group (Afghanistan, Syria, Rogue One)
[10] I
distinctly remember that Day in March 2003. On every news station there was a
countdown clock to when the 2 days had expired. Immediately after the clock
reached 000:00 did News come out that the bombing campaign had begun. I
remember thinking “Shit, they wasted No time.”
[11]
Because disability increases as people age, a lot of ageist issues are also a
disability rights issue .
[12]
Balon, Beresin and Guerrero (2017) Medical
Education Industrial Complex
